Transporter protein in mammal and utilization of the same

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a lipid membrane that contains a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22. Use of the present invention enables screening for a chemical which regulates excretion of a chemical and/or a waste. Furthermore, use of the present invention enables an arbitrary chemical to be tested for nephrotoxicity and/or hepatotoxicity.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a novel transporter protein in a mammal and utilization of the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to a novel organic cation transporter protein responsible for the final stage of excretion of a chemical and/or a waste and utilization of the same.

BACKGROUND ART

Organisms must process toxic substances in the environment and/or excretory metabolites. In particular, humans must process drugs and the like of a very wide variety of structures. In mammals, organic compounds having such toxicity are excreted primarily via the kidneys and/or the liver. Excretion in the kidneys occurs through filtration in the glomerulus and secretion in the renal tubules. Organic compounds having toxicity are taken up from membrane of the renal tubules cells on the vascular side and excreted from the brush border membrane side of the renal tubules cells (refer to Non-patent Documents 1 to 7). Hepatocytes also absorb organic compounds having toxicity from the sinusoidal capillary and excrete them into the capillary bile duct (refer to Non-patent Documents 1 to 7).

To date, many biochemical or biological studies have revealed that a specific transporter is responsible for the final stage of organic cation (OC) excretion and suggested the existence of an OC transporter which mediates exchange transport of electroneutral protons and OCs (refer to Non-patent Documents 5 to 7). This putative transporter is considered to be a multidrug recognizing excretion transporter since it recognizes a wide variety of OCs, several types of vitamins, or endogenous compounds (for example, choline and dopamine) including cationic chemicals.

The entity of transporters remains unknown so far, and homologues of known kidney transporters have been searched to identify its molecular entity. However, no molecule (protein) showing the intended function has been identified. That is, specifically what molecules exist as transporter proteins responsible for the final stage of organic cations (OC) excretion remains unknown, and identification of specific molecules has been awaited.

The inventors of the present invention considered that a family of proteins having the intended function may be conserved in bacteria to mammals and assumed that an orthologue of a protein which functions as a multidrug efflux pump in bacteria exists in mammals, and this orthologue is responsible for OC excretion in mammals.

Multidrug efflux pumps of bacteria are classified into several groups (for example, major facilitator superfamily [MSF], small multidrug resistance [SMR] family, resistance modulation cell division [RND] family, ATP binding cassette [ABC] family, and multidrug and toxin extrusion [MATE] family) (refer to Non-patent Documents 8 to 10).

The inventors of the present invention searched databases from their unique viewpoints, and, as a result, found out that genes encoding proteins which are likely to be classified into the MATE family proteins exist in mammals (refer to Non-patent Document 11).

-   [Non-patent Document 1] Pritchard, J. B. and Miller, D. S. (1993)     Physiol. Rev.: 73, 765-96 -   [Non-patent Document 2] Ullrich, K. J. (1994) Biochim. Biophys.     Acta: 1197, 45-62 -   [Non-patent Document 3] Oude Elferink, R. P., et al. (1995) Biochim.     Biophys. Acta: 1241, 215-68 -   [Non-patent Document 4] Koepsell, H. (1998) Annu. Rev. Physiol.: 60,     243-66 -   [Non-patent Document 5] Inui, K. I. Et al., (2000) Kidney Int.: 58,     944-58 -   [Non-patent Document 6] Wright, S. H. and Dantzler, W. H. (2004)     Physiol. Rev.: 84, 987-1049 -   [Non-patent Document 7] Koepsell, H. (2004) Trends Pharmacol. Sci.:     25, 375-81 -   [Non-patent Document 8] Brown, M. H. et al. (1999) Mol. Microbiol.:     31, 394-5 -   [Non-patent Document 9] Putman, M. et al. (2000) Microbiol. Mol.     Biol. Rev.: 64, 672-93 -   [Non-patent Document 10] Hvorup, R. N. et al. (2003) Eur. J.     Biochem.: 270, 799-813 -   [Non-patent Document 11] Genbank accession number AK001709 -   [Non-patent Document 12] Ito, W. et al. (1991) Gene: 1002, 67-70 -   [Non-patent Document 13] Morimoto, R. et al. (2003) J. Neurochem.     84: 382-91 -   [Non-patent Document 14] Tamai, I. Et al. (1997) FEBS Lett.: 419,     107-11 -   [Non-patent Document 15] Morita, Y. et al. (1998) Antimicrob. Agents     Chemother.: 42, 1778-82 -   [Non-patent Document 16] Smith, A. C. et al. (1986) Am. J. Med.     Genet.: 24, 393-414 -   [Non-patent Document 17] Bi, W. et al. (2002) Genome Res.: 12,     713-28

The putative amino acid sequence encoded by the gene described in Non-patent Document 11 has a very low sequence homology with the Na⁺-dependent multidrug efflux transporter NorM of Vibrio bacteria, a prototype of the MATE family, and it is hard to presume that this protein is classified as a MATE family protein.

Furthermore, the MATE family is a group of recently classified-proteins required for acquisition of multidrug resistance, and only some of them are known to excrete H⁺ or Na⁺-dependent cationic chemicals in bacteria. That is, not only characteristics of the whole MATE family have not been elucidated yet, but there has been no assay system for identifying a target protein as a MATE family protein in mammals.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention was accomplished in consideration of the above-mentioned problems. Objectives of the present invention are to establish an assay system for identifying MATE family proteins to find MATE family proteins in mammals and to provide a technique utilizing functions thereof.

The lipid membrane of the present invention is characterized by containing the following polypeptide: a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22; or a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted, or added in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22, and having a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

A lipid membrane of the present invention may be a naturally occurring lipid membrane or an artificial lipid membrane. A naturally occurring lipid membrane is preferably a plasma membrane (cell membrane) or a membrane vesicle, and an artificial lipid membrane is preferably a planar lipid membrane or a liposome.

The transformant of the present invention is characterized in that a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22; or a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted, or added in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22 and having a transporter activity, is introduced thereinto.

In the transformant of the present invention, the above-mentioned polypeptide may be a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21; or a polypeptide which is encoded by a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence wherein one or more nucleotides are deleted, substituted, or added in the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 and has a transporter activity in a plasma membrane.

In the transformant of the present invention, the above-mentioned polypeptide may also be a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21; or a polypeptide which is encoded by a polynucleotide hybridizable with a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 under a stringent condition and has a transporter activity in a plasma membrane.

In the transformant of the present invention, the above-mentioned polypeptide may also be a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21; or a polypeptide which is encoded by a polynucleotide having a homology of 80% or more with a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 and has a transporter activity in a plasma membrane.

The liposome composition of the present invention is characterized by containing a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22; or a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted, or added in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22 and having a transporter activity in a plasma membrane.

In the liposome composition of the present invention, the above-mentioned polypeptide may be a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21; or a polypeptide which is encoded by a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence wherein one or more nucleotides are deleted, substituted, or added in the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 and having a transporter activity in a plasma membrane.

In the liposome composition of the present invention, the above-mentioned polypeptide may also be a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21; or a polypeptide which is encoded by a polynucleotide hybridizable with a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 under a stringent condition and has a transporter activity in a plasma membrane.

In the liposome composition of the present invention, the above-mentioned polypeptide may also be a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21; or a polypeptide which is encoded by a polynucleotide having a homology of 80% or more with a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 and has a transporter activity in a plasma membrane.

The liposome composition of the present invention may further contain the H⁺-ATPase protein. The H⁺-ATPase protein is a protein which actively transports intracellular protons out of the cell and is also referred to as a proton pump.

The lipid membrane preparation method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of using a vector containing a polynucleotide coding for the following polypeptide to prepare the above-mentioned lipid membrane: a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22; or a polypeptide which consists of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted or added in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22 and has a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

The lipid membrane preparation kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with a vector containing a polynucleotide coding for the following polypeptide to prepare the above-mentioned lipid membrane: a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22; or a polypeptide which consists of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted, or added in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22 and has a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

The test method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned lipid membrane together with a chemical to be evaluated in order to test a chemical for nephrotoxicity and/or hepatotoxicity.

In the above-mentioned incubation step of the test method of the present invention, it is preferable to allow tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, or thiamin to coexist.

The test method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned transformant together with a substrate of a polypeptide having a transporter activity in a cell membrane, in order to test a chemical for nephrotoxicity and/or hepatotoxicity.

In the test method of the present invention, the above-mentioned substrate is preferably tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, or thiamin.

The test method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned liposome composition together with a substrate of a polypeptide having a transporter activity in a cell membrane, in order to test a chemical for nephrotoxicity and/or hepatotoxicity.

In the test method of the present invention, the above-mentioned substrate is preferably tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, or thiamin.

The test kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned lipid membrane, in order to test a chemical for nephrotoxicity and/or hepatotoxicity.

The test kit of the present invention may be further provided with at least one of tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.

The test kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned transformant, in order to test a chemical for nephrotoxicity and/or hepatotoxicity.

It is preferable that the test kit of the present invention is further provided with at least one of tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.

The test kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned liposome composition, in order to test a chemical for nephrotoxicity and/or hepatotoxicity.

It is preferable that the test kit of the present invention is further provided with at least one of tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned lipid membrane together with a candidate factor, in order to screen for a chemical which regulates substance transport across a plasma membrane.

In the screening method of the present invention, the above-mentioned substance transport is preferably transport of nicotine, melatonin, or steroid hormones or excretion of a chemical and/or a waste.

Furthermore, in the above-mentioned incubation step of the screening method of the present invention, it is preferable to allow tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, or thiamin to coexist.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned transformant together with a substrate of a polypeptide having a transporter activity in a cell membrane, in order to screen for a chemical which regulates excretion of a chemical and/or a waste.

In the screening method of the present invention, the above-mentioned substrate is preferably tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, or thiamin.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned liposome composition together with a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane, in order to screen for a chemical which regulates excretion of a chemical and/or a waste.

In the screening method of the present invention, the above-mentioned substrate is preferably tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, or thiamin.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned transformant together with a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane, in order to screen for a chemical which regulates nicotine transport.

In the screening method of the present invention, the above-mentioned substrate is preferably tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, or thiamin.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned liposome composition together with a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane, in order to screen for a chemical which regulates nicotine transport.

In the screening method of the present invention, the above-mentioned substrate is preferably tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, or thiamin.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned transformant together with a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane, in order to screen for a chemical which regulates melatonin transport.

In the screening method of the present invention, the above-mentioned substrate is preferably tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, or thiamin.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned liposome composition together with a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane, in order to screen for a chemical which regulates melatonin transport.

In the screening method of the present invention, the above-mentioned substrate is preferably tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, or thiamin.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned transformant together with a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane, in order to screen for a chemical which regulates steroid hormone transport.

In the screening method of the present invention, the above-mentioned substrate is preferably tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, or thiamin.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned liposome composition together with a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane to screen for a chemical which regulates steroid hormone transport.

In the screening method of the present invention, the above-mentioned substrate is preferably tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, or thiamin.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned lipid membrane in order to screen for a chemical which regulates substance transport across a cell membrane.

In the screening kit of the present invention, the above-mentioned substance transport is preferably transport of nicotine, melatonin, or steroid hormones or excretion of a chemical and/or a waste.

Furthermore, the screening kit of the present invention may be further provided with tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, or thiamin.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned transformant in order to screen for a chemical which regulates excretion of a chemical and/or a waste.

It is preferable that the screening kit of the present invention is further provided with at least one of tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned liposome composition in order to screen for a chemical which regulates excretion of a chemical and/or a waste.

It is preferable that the screening kit of the present invention is further provided with at least one of tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned transformant in order to screen for a chemical which regulates transport of nicotine.

It is preferable that the screening kit of the present invention is further provided with at least one of tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned liposome composition in order to screen for a chemical which regulates nicotine transport.

It is preferable that the screening kit of the present invention is further provided with at least one of tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned transformant in order to screen for a chemical which regulates melatonin transport.

It is preferable that the screening kit of the present invention is further provided with at least one of tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned liposome composition in order to screen for a chemical which regulates melatonin transport.

It is preferable that the screening kit of the present invention is further provided with at least one of tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned transformant in order to screen for a chemical which regulates steroid hormone transport.

It is preferable that the screening kit of the present invention is further provided with at least one of tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned liposome composition in order to screen for a chemical which regulates steroid hormone transport.

It is preferable that the screening kit of the present invention is further provided with at least one of tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned lipid membrane together with a candidate factor in order to screen for a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

Furthermore, in the above-mentioned incubation step of the screening method of the present invention, it is preferable to allow tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) to coexist.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned transformant together with tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) in order to screen for a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned liposome composition together with tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) in order to screen for a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned lipid membrane in order to screen for a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

Furthermore, the screening kit of the present invention may be further provided with tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP).

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned transformant in order to screen for a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

It is preferable that the screening kit of the present invention is further provided with tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP).

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned liposome composition in order to screen for a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

It is preferable that the screening kit of the present invention is further provided with tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP).

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned transformant together with a candidate compound in order to screen for an inhibitor or an activity enhancer of a polypeptide having a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned transformant in order to screen for an inhibitor or an activity enhancer of a polypeptide having a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned liposome composition together with a candidate compound in order to screen for an inhibitor or an activity enhancer of a polypeptide having a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned liposome composition in order to screen for an inhibitor or an activity enhancer of a polypeptide having a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

The diagnosis method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of hybridizing a fragment of any of the following polynucleotides or an oligonucleotide which consists of at least 12 continuous nucleotides complementary thereto with mRNA prepared from a biological sample in order to diagnose a disease caused by abnormal substance transport across a cell membrane:

a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21;

a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence wherein one or more nucleotides are deleted, substituted, or added in the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21;

a polynucleotide which hybridizes with a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 under a stringent condition; or

a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21.

In the diagnosis method of the present invention, the above-mentioned oligonucleotide preferably consists of any one of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 11 to 18.

The diagnosis kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with an oligonucleotide which is a fragment of any of the following polynucleotides or an oligonucleotide which consists of at least 12 continuous nucleotides complementary thereto in order to diagnose a disease caused by abnormal substance transport across a cell membrane:

a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21;

a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence wherein one or more nucleotides are deleted, substituted, or added in the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21;

a polynucleotide which hybridizes with a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 under a stringent condition; or

a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21.

In the diagnosis kit of the present invention, the above-mentioned oligonucleotide preferably consists of any one of nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 11 to 18.

The diagnosis method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating an antibody specifically binding to any of the following polypeptides together with a biological sample in order to diagnose a disease caused by abnormal substance transport across a cell membrane:

a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22; or

a polypeptide which consists of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted, or added in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22 and has a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

In the diagnosis method of the present invention, the above-mentioned antibody is preferably elicited by a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19 or 20.

The diagnosis method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of using an antibody specifically binding to a polypeptide having a transporter activity in a cell membrane in order to diagnose a disease caused by abnormal substance transport involving a polypeptide having a transporter activity in a cell membrane, wherein the polypeptide is a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22 or a polypeptide which consists of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22 and has a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

The diagnosis kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with an antibody specifically binding to any of the following polypeptides in order to diagnose a disease caused by abnormal substance transport across a cell membrane:

a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22; or

a polypeptide which consists of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted, or added in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22 and has a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

In the diagnosis kit of the present invention, the above-mentioned antibody is preferably elicited by a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19 or 20.

The diagnostic kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with an antibody specifically binding to a polypeptide having a transporter activity in a cell membrane in order to diagnose a disease caused by abnormal substance transport involving a polypeptide having a transporter activity in a cell membrane, wherein the polypeptide is a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22, or a polypeptide which consists of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22 and has a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

The polypeptide of the present invention is characterized by being a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, or a polypeptide which consists of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted, or added in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 and has a transporter activity in a cell membrane.

The polynucleotide of the present invention is characterized by encoding the above-mentioned polypeptide.

Furthermore, the polynucleotide of the present invention can be a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21; a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence wherein one or more nucleotides are deleted, substituted, or added in the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21; a polynucleotide hybridizable with a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 under a stringent condition; or a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence being at least 80% identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21.

The vector of the present invention is characterized by comprising the above-mentioned polynucleotide.

The transformant of the present invention is characterized by comprising the above-mentioned polynucleotide.

The antibody of the present invention is characterized by specifically binding to the above-mentioned polypeptide.

The knockout animal of the present invention is characterized in that the expression of a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22 is inhibited, and it is preferably a mouse.

Other objectives, features, and advantages of the present invention will be fully understood from the following descriptions. Furthermore, benefits of the present invention will be apparent from the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows positions and constitutions of the hMATE1 gene, the hMATE2 gene, and the hMATE3 gene on the chromosome.

FIG. 2 shows alignments of the amino acid sequences of hMATE1, hMATE2, and hMATE3 and the amino acid sequence of the bacterium-derived NorM. It is shown that the E273 residue, which is important for a transport activity, is conserved in all the sequences.

FIG. 3 is a scheme showing a putative secondary structure of hMATE1. In the figure, the glutamic acid residue (E273), which is important for a transport activity, is encircled.

FIG. 4( a) shows the results of the northern blot analysis examining the expressions of the hMATE1 gene and the hMATE2 gene in humans. It is shown that the hMATE1 gene is expressed primarily in the kidneys, the liver, and the skeletal muscles, while the hMATE2 gene is expressed in the kidneys.

FIG. 4( b) shows the results of the western blot analysis confirming the expression of hMATE1 using an anti-hMATE1 antibody. The anti-hMATE1 antibody specifically recognizes hMATE1 expressed in the HEK293 cell. Furthermore, a protein having an identical size exists in the kidneys, and detection of this protein by the anti-hMATE1 antibody is absorbed by the antigen peptide (N461-R546 of hMATE1)

FIG. 4( c) shows the results of the immunohistochemistry of hMATE1 in the kidneys. A human specimen section was stained by the HRP-DAB method. In the figure, PCT denotes proximal renal tubule, and DCT denotes distal renal tubule. The bar is 100 μm.

FIG. 4( d) shows the results of the immunohistochemistry of hMATE1 in the liver. The human sample section was stained by the HRP method. The bar is 100 μm.

FIG. 5 shows positions and constitutions of the mMATE1 gene and the mMATE2 gene on the chromosome.

FIG. 6 shows alignments of the amino acid sequences of mMATE1 and mMATE2 and the amino acid sequence of hMATE1. In the figure, an asterisk indicates the identical amino acid. E273 is glutamic acid, an amino acid important for a transport activity.

FIG. 7( a) shows the results of the northern blot analysis of the expressions of the mMATE1 gene and the mMATE2 gene in various organs. It was shown that the mMATE1 gene was expressed primarily in the kidneys and liver, and the mMATE2 gene was expressed in the testicle.

FIG. 7( b) shows the results of the western blot analysis using an anti-mMATE1 antibody confirming the expression of mMATE1. The anti-mMATE1 antibody specifically recognizes mMATE1 expressed in the HEK293 cell. Furthermore, a protein having an identical size exists in the kidneys and the liver.

FIG. 7( c) shows the results of the immunohistochemistry of mMATE1 in the kidneys. A mouse specimen section was stained by the HRP-DAB method. mMATE1 is expressed in the renal cortex. In the figure, GL denotes glomerulus, PCT denotes proximal renal tubule, DCT denotes distal renal tubule, and CCD denotes cortical collecting duct. The bar is 100 μm.

FIG. 7( d) shows results of the immunohistochemistry of mMATE1 in the kidneys. A mouse specimen section was stained by the HRP-DAB method. mMATE1 is expressed in the renal medulla.

FIG. 8( a) shows an immunoelectron microscopic image of mMATE1 in the kidneys. mMATE1 exists in the epidermis (membrane portion) of the renal tubules. In the figure, BBM denotes brush border membrane, BM denotes basement membrane, M denotes mitochondrion, and L denotes lumen. The bar is 1 μm.

FIG. 8( b) shows an indirect immunofluorescence microscopic image of mMATE1 in the liver (capillary bile duct membrane)

FIG. 8( c) shows the indirect immunofluorescence microscopic image of mMATE1 in the liver (epidermal side of the bile duct membrane). In the figure, BD denotes interlobular bile duct, and HPV denotes portal vein. The bar is 10 μm.

FIG. 9( a) shows immunofluorescence microscopic images of wild type (Wild) and mutant (E273Q) hMATE1 expressed in the HEK293 cells.

FIG. 9( b) is a graph showing the results of the observation of uptake of TEA (50 μM) into the cell shown in FIG. 9( a) at pH 8.0 over time.

FIG. 9( c) is a graph showing the results of the observation of TEA transport at various concentrations. The value in cells transfected with only a plasmid (Mock) is deducted from the values in cells expressing the wild type hMATE1.

FIG. 9( d) is a graph showing the results of the observation of TEA transport at various pH.

FIG. 9( e) is a graph showing effect of Na⁺ on TEA transport.

FIG. 9( f) is a graph showing the results of the observation of effect of pH on TEA excretion.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing that MATE1 functions as a nicotine transporter.

FIG. 11 shows the results of CBB-stained gel after electrophoresis of the sample at each purification step of hMATE1 purified using a baculovirus system.

FIG. 12 shows changes over time in TEA transport determined using a liposome containing a MATE polypeptide.

FIG. 13 is a scheme showing that MATE1 is a multidrug transporting OC transporter responsible for the final stage of OC excretion. In the liver, hepatocytes take up OCs via OCT1 and OCT2, organic cation transporters, in the sinusoidal membrane and excrete them in the bile via MATE1 and MDR1. In the kidneys, OCs are taken up primarily by renal tubule cells via OCT2 and excreted via MATE1, MDR1, and OCTN2.

FIG. 14 shows the result of fluorescence staining of mMATE1 in the mouse alveolar epithelial cell.

FIG. 15 shows the result of fluorescence staining of mMATE1 in the cerebral capillary blood vessel. In the figure, the bar is 10 μm.

FIG. 16 shows the results of staining of hMATE1 in human alveolar epithelial cells by the HRP method. In the figure, the bar is 10 μm.

FIG. 17 shows localization of mMATE1 in the skin. It is shown that mMATE1 exists in the sebaceous gland. In the figure, the bar is 10 μm.

FIG. 18 shows localization of mMATE1 in the pineal body. It is shown that mMATE1 exists in the pinealocyte. In the figure, the bar is 10 μm.

FIG. 19 shows localization of mMATE2 in the plasma membrane of a testicle Leydig cells. In the figure, the bar is 10 μm.

FIG. 20 shows the results of the examination of expression levels of the hMATE3 gene in the testicle, skeletal muscles, kidneys, and liver by RT-PCR. It is shown that the hMATE3 gene is expressed only in the testicle as in the case of mMATE2.

BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

To confirm that the protein that is presumed to be encoded by the genes described in Non-patent Document 11 actually exists in mammals, and that the proteins are MATE family proteins, the inventors of the present invention attempted to obtain the genes from mammals and constructed an assay system necessary for confirming the function as a MATE family protein.

Various primers were designed based on the above-mentioned nucleotide sequence information of the genes, and RT-PCR was attempted using mammal tissues. However, since little information about MATE family molecules have been obtained, and, in particular, no specific function domain exists in MATE family molecules, there was no guideline for designing preferable primers.

However, the inventors of the present invention repeated trials and errors to verify the reliability of their unique focus. As a result, they finally found that target genes can be amplified using specific primers.

Thus, the inventors of the present invention found that the genes obtained based on their unique focus and trials and errors exist in humans and mice, and the proteins encoded by these genes exist in lumen-side membranes of the renal tubules in the kidneys and the bile duct and function as novel transporters.

That is, the inventors of the present invention identified mammal MATE polypeptides, orthologues of the bacteria-derived MATE family in humans and mice, and found that the mammal MATE polypeptides are expressed in the kidneys and/or liver and are responsible for the final stage of excretion of organic cationic compounds by exchange transport with protons. Thus, the present invention was accomplished.

[1] Mammal MATE Polypeptides and Polynucleotides

The inventors of the present invention found that an orthologue of the toxic substance excretion transporter found in the bacteria exist in mammals, isolated the cDNA thereof, and analyzed the functions thereof.

The present invention provides mammal MATE polypeptides. The term “MATE polypeptide” used in the present specification is used interchangeably with “MATE protein” or “MATE family protein” and means a polypeptide that has the MATE activity, in other words, a polypeptide having a transporter activity (transport activity) of transporting organic cations (OCs) via a cell membrane. That is, the term “MATE activity” used in the present specification means a transporter activity in a cell membrane (activity of transporting a substance via cell membrane), more specifically, a transporter activity (transport activity) of transporting organic cations (OCs) via a cell membrane.

The term “polypeptide” used in the present specification is used interchangeably with “peptide” or “protein.” Furthermore, the “fragment” of a polypeptide means a partial fragment of the polypeptide. The polypeptide of the present invention may be chemically synthesized or isolated from a natural supply source.

The term “isolated” polypeptide or protein means a polypeptide or a protein retrieved from the natural environment. For example, a recombinant polypeptide or protein expressed in the host cell is considered to be isolated as in the case of a natural or recombinant polypeptide or protein substantially purified by an arbitrary appropriate technique.

The polypeptides of the present invention include natural purification products, chemical synthesis products, and products produced by prokaryotic hosts or eukaryotic hosts (including bacteria cells, yeast cells, higher plant cells, insect cells, and mammal cells) using recombination techniques.

The polypeptide of the present invention may be obtained by introducing the polynucleotide of the present invention described later (the gene encoding the polypeptide of the present invention) into a host cell and expressing the polypeptide in the cell or by isolation from a cell, a tissue, or the like and purification.

Furthermore, the polypeptide of the present invention may contain an additional peptide. Examples of the additional peptide include peptides labeled with an epitope such as His, Myc, or Flag. In a preferable embodiment, the polypeptide of the present invention can be expressed as a recombinant in a modified form such as a fusion protein. For example, since additional amino acids of the peptide of the present invention, in particular, a region of charged amino acids can be added to the N or C terminus of the polypeptide to improve stability and prolonged-action in the host cell during purification or subsequent procedures and storage.

Preferably, the mammal MATE polypeptide of the present invention can be a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22 or a mutant thereof. As the above-mentioned mammals, humans or mice are preferred. The term “mutant” used for a polypeptide or a protein in the present specification means a polypeptide or a protein having the MATE activity. The amino acid sequences of the human MATE1 polypeptide (hMATE1), the human MATE2 polypeptide (hMATE2), the mouse MATE1 polypeptide (mMATE1), the mouse MATE2 polypeptide (mMATE2), and the human MATE3 polypeptide (hMATE3) are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, and 22, respectively. Furthermore, the hMATE3 polypeptide is a novel polypeptide that has been unknown.

In one embodiment, the polypeptide of the present invention is a MATE polypeptide or a mutant thereof. Here, the mutant is preferably a polypeptide having the MATE activity, which consists of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted, or added in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 22.

Examples of such mutant include mutants having deletion, insertion, inversion, repetition, and type substitution (for example, substitution of a hydrophilic residue by another residue. Usually, however, a highly hydrophilic residue is not substituted by a highly hydrophobic residue). In particular, “neutral” amino acid substitution in a polypeptide generally has almost no effect on the activity of the polypeptide.

It is known in this field that several amino acids in the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide can be easily modified without significantly affecting the structure or the function of this polypeptide. Furthermore, it is also known that there are not only artificially modified polypeptides, but also naturally occurring protein mutants in which the structure or the function of the protein is not significantly changed.

Those skilled in the art can easily mutate one or several amino acids in the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide using a known technique. For example, an arbitrary nucleotide in a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide can be mutated according to a known point mutagenesis method. Furthermore, a deletion mutant or an addition mutant can be prepared by designing primers corresponding to an arbitrary site in a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide. Furthermore, using the methods described in the present specification, it can be easily determined whether the prepared mutant has a desired MATE activity.

Preferred mutants have conservative or nonconservative substitution, deletion, or addition of amino acids. Silent substitution, addition, and deletion are preferred, and conservative substitution is particularly preferred. These mutations do not change the MATE activity of the polypeptide of the present invention.

Representative conservative substitutions appear to include substitution of one amino acid by another amino acid among aliphatic amino acids, Ala, Val, Leu, and Ile, exchange of hydroxyl residues, Ser and Thr, exchange of acidic residues, Asp and Glu, substitution between amide residues, Asn and Gln, exchange of basic residues, Lys and Arg, and substitution between aromatic residues, Phe and Tyr.

In one embodiment, the polypeptide of the present invention is a MATE polypeptide or a mutant thereof. Here, the mutant is preferably a polypeptide which has the MATE activity and is encoded by a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence wherein one or more nucleotides are deleted, substituted, or added in the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide of the present invention is a MATE polypeptide or a mutant thereof. Here, the mutant is preferably a polypeptide which has the MATE activity and is encoded by a polynucleotide hybridizable with a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 under a stringent condition.

Hybridization can be performed by known methods such as the method described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1989). Usually, stringency increases (becomes hard to hybridize) at a higher temperature or at a lower salt concentration, resulting in obtaining of a more homologous polynucleotide. An appropriate hybridization temperature varies depending on the nucleotide sequence and the length of the nucleotide sequence. For example, when a DNA fragment consisting of 18 nucleotides coding for six amino acids is used as a probe, temperature is preferably 50° C. or below.

The term “stringent (hybridization) condition” used in the present specification means that polynucleotides are incubated in a hybridization solution (containing 50% formamide, 5×SSC [150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate], 50 mM sodium phosphate [pH 7.6], 5× Denhart's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 μg/ml sheared denatured salmon sperm DNA) overnight at 42° C., and then the filter is washed with 0.1×SSC at about 65° C. A polynucleotide hybridizable with “a part” of the polynucleotide means a polynucleotide (either DNA or RNA) hybridizable with at least about 15 nucleotides (nt) of the reference polynucleotide, more preferably at least about 20 nt, yet more preferably at least about 30 nt, yet more preferably longer than about 30 nt. The polynucleotide (oligonucleotide) hybridizable with “a part” of such polynucleotide is also useful as a detection probe discussed in detail in the present specification.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide of the present invention is a MATE polypeptide or a mutant thereof. Here, the mutant is preferably a polypeptide that has the MATE activity and is encoded by a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence at least 80% identical, more preferably at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21.

For example, the expression “a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to the reference (QUERY) nucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide coding for the polypeptide of the present invention” means that the target nucleotide sequence is identical to the reference sequence except that it can comprises up to five mismatches per 100 nucleotides (bases) of the reference nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide coding for the polypeptide of the present invention. In other words, to obtain a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to the reference nucleotide sequence, up to 5% of nucleotides in the reference sequence can be deleted or substituted by another nucleotide, or many nucleotides which account for up to 5% of all nucleotides in the reference sequence can be inserted into the reference sequence. These mismatches in the reference sequence can occur anywhere between the two ends, for example, mismatches are dispersed at the 5′ or 3′ end position of the reference nucleotide sequence, at individual nucleotides in the reference sequence, or in a group of one or more adjacent nucleotides in the reference sequence.

The present invention also provides MATE polynucleotides. The term “MATE polynucleotide” used in the present specification means a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 or a mutant thereof. The term “mutant” of DNA or polynucleotide used in the present specification means a polynucleotide coding for a polypeptide having the MATE activity. The nucleotide sequences of human MATE1 polynucleotide, the human MATE2 polynucleotide, the mouse MATE1 polynucleotide, the mouse MATE2 polynucleotide, and the human MATE3 polynucleotide are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, and 21, respectively. Furthermore, the hMATE3 polynucleotide is a novel polynucleotide that has been unknown.

The term “polynucleotide” used in the present specification can be used interchangeably with “gene” “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid molecule” and means a nucleotide polymer. The term “nucleotide sequence” used in the present specification is used interchangeably with “nucleic acid sequence” or “base sequence”, and represented by a sequence of deoxyribonucleotides (abbreviated as A, G, C, and T) or ribonucleotides (C, A, G, and U). Furthermore, the expression “polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof” means a polynucleotide comprising a sequence represented by deoxynucleotides A, G, C, and/or T in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment portion thereof.

The polynucleotide of the present invention can exist in the form of RNA (for example, mRNA) or in the form of DNA (for example, cDNA or genomic DNA). DNA can be double-stranded or single-stranded. A single-stranded DNA or RNA can be a coding strand (also known as a sense strand) or a noncoding strand (also known as an antisense strand).

The term “oligonucleotide” used in the present specification means several to several tens of nucleotides which are bound together and is used interchangeably with “polynucleotide”. A short oligonucleotide is referred to as dinucleotide (dimer) or trinucleotide (trimer), and longer ones are represented by the number of polymerized nucleotides such as 30 mer or 100 mer. An oligonucleotide may be generated as a fragment of a longer polynucleotide or chemically synthesized.

The polynucleotide of the present invention can be fused with a polynucleotide coding for the above-mentioned tag label (tag sequence or marker sequence) at the 5′ or 3′ end side thereof.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide of the present invention is a MATE polynucleotide or a mutant thereof. Here, the mutant preferably codes for a MATE polypeptide and is any of the following polynucleotides:

a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence wherein one or more nucleotides are deleted, substituted, or deleted in the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21;

a polynucleotide hybridizable with a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 under a stringent condition; and

a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence at least 80% identical, more preferably at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21.

In another embodiment, the polynucleotide of the present invention is characterized by being amplified from the human cDNA library using a primer pair of a primer consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 and a primer consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or a primer pair of a primer consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 and a primer consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, or a polynucleotide amplified from the mouse cDNA library using a primer pair of a primer consisting of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 15 and a primer consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 or a primer pair of a primer consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 and a primer consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, and coding for a polypeptide having the MATE activity.

The polynucleotide of the present invention may comprise sequences such as the sequence of an untranslated region (UTR) or a vector sequence (including the expression vector sequence).

Supply sources to obtain the polynucleotide of the present invention are not particularly limited, but biological materials (for example, organs of a human or a mouse) are preferred. The term “biological materials” used in the present specification means biological samples (tissue or cell samples obtained from an organism).

As described in the present specification, the polypeptide or the polynucleotide of the present invention can be used as a tool for determining the MATE activity.

That is, an objective of the present invention is to provide MATE polypeptides and MATE polynucleotides, not the polypeptide preparation methods, the polynucleotide preparation methods, and the like specifically described in the present specification. Therefore, it should be noted that MATE polypeptides and MATE polynucleotides obtained by methods other than any of the above-mentioned methods are also encompassed in the technical scope of the present invention.

[2] Utilization of Polypeptide and Polynucleotide

[2-1] Vector

The present invention provides a vector used for generation of a MATE polypeptide. The vector of the present invention may be a vector used for in vitro translation or a vector used for recombinant expression.

The vector of the present invention is not particularly limited so long as it comprises the above-mentioned polynucleotide of the present invention. Examples thereof include recombinant expression vectors into which cDNA of a polynucleotide coding for a polypeptide having the MATE activity (MATE polynucleotide) is inserted and so forth. Examples of the recombinant expression vector preparation method include, but are not particularly limited to, methods using a plasmid, a phage, or a cosmid.

Specific types of the vector are not particularly limited, and vectors expressible in a host cell can be suitably selected. Specifically, a suitable promoter sequence is selected depending on the type of the host cell to reliably express the polynucleotide of the present invention, and a vector obtained by incorporating this sequence and the polynucleotide of the present invention into various plasmids or the like can be used as an expression vector. Furthermore, the host can also be transformed with an expression vector by conventional methods.

A host transformed with the above-mentioned expression vector can be cultured, cultivated or bred, and then a target protein can be recovered from a culture and purified using conventional methods (for example, filtration, centrifugation, cell crush, gel filtration chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, etc.).

The expression vector preferably comprises at least one selection marker. Examples of such markers include dihydrofolic acid reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, as well as the tetracycline-resistance gene or the ampicillin resistance gene for culture of E. coli and other bacteria.

By using the vector of the present invention, a MATE polypeptide can be expressed in an organism or a cell by introducing the MATE polynucleotide into the organism or the cell. Furthermore, a MATE polypeptide can be synthesized by using the vector of the present invention in a cell-free protein synthesis system.

Thus, it is sufficient that the vector of the present invention comprises at least a polynucleotide coding for the polypeptide of the present invention. That is, it should be noted that vectors other than expression vectors are also encompassed in the technical scope of the present invention.

[2-2] Lipid Membrane

The present invention provides a lipid membrane containing a MATE polypeptide. The lipid membrane of the present invention may be a naturally occurring lipid membrane or an artificial lipid membrane. When the lipid membrane of the present invention is naturally occurring, it is sufficient that the membrane is a cell membrane or a membrane vesicle. When the lipid membrane of the present invention is artificial, it is sufficient that the membrane is a planar lipid membrane or a liposome (liposome composition).

(a) Transformant

In one embodiment, the lipid membrane of the present invention can be a plasma membrane of a transformant into which a polynucleotide coding for a MATE polypeptide is introduced. The term “transformant” used in the present specification means not only a cell, a tissue, or an organ, but includes an organism.

The transformant of this embodiment is characterized in that a plasma membrane containing a MATE polypeptide is formed. It is preferable that a MATE polypeptide is stably expressed in the transformant in the present embodiment.

In one aspect, the transformant of this embodiment is obtained by introducing a recombinant vector containing a MATE polynucleotide into an organism so that the MATE polypeptide can be expressed. The transformant in this embodiment may be a prokaryote or a eukaryote. Since the analysis by the inventors of the present invention showed that a MATE polypeptide is a membrane protein, a plasma membrane containing a MATE polypeptide is provided in a transformant in which a MATE polypeptide is expressed.

The method for introducing the above-mentioned expression vector into a host, that is, the transformation method is not particularly limited, and conventionally known methods such as electroporation, the calcium phosphate method, the liposome method, and the DEAE dextran method can be suitably used. Furthermore, for example, to transform an insect cell with the polypeptide of the present invention, an expression system using baculovirus can be used. To transform a plant with the polypeptide of the present invention, a polynucleotide coding for the polypeptide of the present invention can be introduced by the Agrobacterium method or the gene gun method (particle bombardment method).

Thus, it is sufficient that at least a plasma membrane containing the polypeptide of the present invention is formed in the transformant of the present embodiment. That is, it should be noted that transformants prepared by known methods other than the above-mentioned methods are also encompassed in the technical scope of the present invention.

(b) Membrane Vesicle

In one embodiment, the lipid membrane of the present invention can be a membrane vesicle obtained from a cell into which a polynucleotide coding for a MATE polypeptide is introduced. The “membrane vesicle” used in the present specification means a smaller vesicle formed by a plasma membrane of a cell subjected to ultrasonication or the like and destroyed.

Thus, it is sufficient that the membrane vesicle of the present embodiment is at least formed by a lipid membrane containing the polypeptide of the present invention. That is, it should be noted that membrane vesicles containing an intracellular organelle that has lost the function thereof or the like are also encompassed in the technical scope of the present invention.

(c) Liposome and Liposome Composition

A MATE polypeptide is a transporter that transports various organic cations (OCs). So far, the inventors of the present invention examined substances transported by the MATE polypeptide in a system of the HEK293 cell or Africa Xenopus laevis oocyte in which MATE polypeptide was expressed using radiolabeled substrates. In such a system using expression cells, many cell-derived proteins coexist in addition to the MATE polypeptide, and interference of many coexisting proteins is particularly problematic when highly hydrophobic transport substrates such as sex hormones or the like are used. That is, to measure highly hydrophobic transport substrates with high reliability, it is preferable to use a system in which no protein other than the MATE polypeptide exists.

Furthermore, since labeled substances (specifically, radiolabeled substances or fluorescence-labeled substances) are used as transport substrates in the above-described experimental system, transport of transporter proteins which transport chemicals, toxic substances, metabolic biological components, and the like which cannot be labeled could not be confirmed.

Therefore, the inventors of the present invention prepared almost proteomically uniform MATE polypeptides and a liposome in which they are incorporated (so-called proteoliposome) and completed a MATE polypeptide transport assay system constituted by a completely defined composition by subjecting this proteoliposome to a transport experiment. Then, by using a mass spectroscopy (a mass spectrometer), a fluorescence spectrometer, HPLC, and the like in combination, this transport assay system can correctly examine whether various unlabeled compounds can serve as transport substrates, which has been impossible so far.

Specifically, in one embodiment, the lipid membrane of the present invention can be a liposome composition containing a MATE polypeptide. The term “liposome composition” used in the present specification means a liposome containing a specific substance. A liposome is an artificial lipid membrane also referred to as a vesicle and can be prepared by dispersing suspension of lipids (for example, phospholipids) by vigorously stirring and performing ultrasonication. Liposomes are widely used for studies and utilized as a cell membrane model or as one of measures for a drug delivery system (DDS).

The liposome composition of the present invention is characterized by containing a MATE polypeptide. The liposome composition of the present invention may further contain the H⁺-ATPase protein. The H⁺-ATPase protein is a protein which actively transports intracellular protons out of the cell and is also referred to as a proton pump. The method for purifying the proton pump is not particularly limited, and conventionally known methods such as the method described in Moriyama Y et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266, 22141-22146 (1991) can be suitably used. When the transport activity of the MATE polypeptide is determined using the liposome composition of the present invention, the activity of a mammal-derived MATE polypeptide can be determined even in the absence of the H⁺-ATPase protein.

Since a system in which no contaminating protein exists along with the MATE polypeptide can be constructed by using the present invention, it can be clearly shown whether obtained results are attributable to the MATE polypeptide, and to what extent substrate transport by the MATE polypeptide is interfered can be found by coexistence of a large number of proteins can be known.

Furthermore, a system which does not require radiolabeled or fluorescence-labeled substrates can be constructed by using the present invention, a wide variety of various chemicals, toxic substances, metabolic biological components, and the like can be analyzed for whether they are transported by transporter proteins.

Thus, conventional problems can be solved by the present invention, and transport functions of the MATE polypeptides can be more broadly and deeply understood. It is needless to say that conventional labeled compounds can also be used together with the present invention.

Thus, it is sufficient that the liposome composition of the present invention comprises at least the polypeptide of the present invention. That is, it should be noted that liposome compositions prepared by known methods other than the above-mentioned methods are also encompassed in the technical scope of the present invention.

(d) Planar Lipid Membrane

In one embodiment, the lipid membrane of the present invention can be a planar lipid membrane containing a MATE polypeptide. The lipid bilayer has a membranous structure having two layers of polar lipids (in particular, phospholipids). The lipid bilayer structure is stabilized as a two-dimensional structure when it is spherical. However, when the end is isolated from water molecules, a planar structure can be formed. Among artificially prepared lipid bilayers used in the present specification, a spherical lipid bilayer is referred to as liposome, and a planar lipid bilayer is referred to as planar lipid membrane.

To obtain the planar lipid membrane of this embodiment, a MATE polypeptide can be embedded in an artificially formed lipid bilayer membrane. Artificial lipid bilayers are used when activities of membrane proteins (for example, channel proteins) are measured in vitro, and all the preparation methods are known in this field.

Thus, it is sufficient that the planar lipid membrane of the present invention comprises at least the polypeptide of the present invention. That is, it should be noted that planar lipid membranes prepared by known methods other than the above-mentioned method are also encompassed in the technical scope of the present invention.

[3] Utilization of Vector

As described above, a MATE polypeptide can be expressed in an organism or a cell into which the MATE polynucleotide is introduced by using the vector of the present invention. Since the cell membrane is supplied as a transformant or as a part of a transformant, a naturally occurring lipid membrane containing the MATE polypeptide by using the vector of the present invention can be obtained. Furthermore, to obtain an artificial lipid membrane, a purified MATE polypeptide (may be an expression system or a cell-free system) prepared using the above-described vector can be used.

Thus, the vector of the present invention can be utilized as a tool for preparation of the lipid membrane of the present invention. That is, the present invention provides a method and a kit for preparing a lipid membrane containing a MATE polypeptide.

The method for preparing a lipid membrane containing a MATE polypeptide of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of producing a MATE polypeptide using a vector containing a MATE polynucleotide. When a naturally occurring lipid membrane is prepared, the produced MATE polypeptide does not need to be purified. However, when an artificial lipid membrane is prepared, the produced MATE polypeptide can be used after purification. Those skilled in the art who read the present specification can easily produce a MATE polypeptide using a vector containing a MATE polynucleotide.

Furthermore, the kit for preparing a lipid membrane containing a MATE polypeptide of the present invention is characterized by being provided with a vector containing a MATE polynucleotide. When a naturally occurring lipid membrane is prepared, the above-mentioned vector is a recombinant expression vector. When an artificial lipid membrane is prepared, the above-mentioned vector may be or may not be a recombinant expression vector.

Thus, it is sufficient that the method and the kit for preparing a lipid membrane containing a MATE polypeptide of the present invention at least use a vector containing a MATE polynucleotide. That is, it should be noted that methods and kits applying known techniques other than the above-mentioned techniques are also encompassed in the technical scope of the present invention.

[4] Utilization of Lipid Membrane

The present invention further provides utilization of the above-mentioned lipid membrane. In the present specification, utilization of lipid membranes will be explained with reference to a transformant and a liposome composition as examples, but utilization of the lipid membrane of the present invention is not limited to these examples.

(a) Utilization of Transformant Expressing MATE Polypeptide

When the MATE1 polypeptide was expressed in the HEK293 cell, H⁺-dependent transport of tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) occurred. The substrate specificity of MATE1 was similar to that of H⁺-dependent organic cation transporters that exist in the kidneys or the liver. Thus, MATE1 was found to be a multifunctional OC transporter that excretes organic cations (OCs) directly into the urine or the bile, which had been long searched.

As described above, a MATE polypeptide has a transporter activity in a cell membrane, more specifically, a transporter activity (transport activity) for transporting organic cations (OCs) via a cell membrane. The present invention provides a method and a kit for further screening for a substrate, i.e., a target of this transport activity.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned transformant together with tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP). In the above-mentioned step, if the uptake amount of TEA or MPP into the above-mentioned transformant is changed in the presence or absence of a candidate substrate, that is, transport of TEA or MPP is inhibited by the existence of the candidate substrate, it can be determined that the candidate substrate is a novel substrate of the MATE polypeptide.

As demonstrated in the examples described later, cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin serve as substrates of MATE polypeptides in addition to tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) in the screening method of the present invention. That is, these compounds are transported by MATE polypeptides.

Thus, those skilled in the art who read the present specification easily understand that one or more of the above-mentioned compounds instead of TEA or MPP may be used as criteria for determining whether transport of the compound(s) is inhibited or not in the screening method of the present invention. When used in the present invention, these compounds are preferably labeled so that they can be detected. Preferred examples of labels include, but are not limited to, radiolabel.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned transformant. In a preferred embodiment, it is preferable that the screening kit of the present invention is further provided with tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP). In the above-mentioned step, if the uptake amount of TEA or MPP by the above-mentioned transformant is changed in the presence or absence of a candidate substrate, that is, transport of TEA or MPP is inhibited by the existence of the candidate substrate, it can be determined that the candidate substrate is a novel substrate of the MATE polypeptide. Furthermore, as described above, instead of TEA or MPP, one or more of cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin can be used as criteria for determining whether the transport is inhibited or not.

The present invention provides further uses of a transformant expressing a MATE polypeptide. In one aspect, the present invention provides a method and a kit for screening for a chemical that regulates excretion of a chemical and/or a waste. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method and a kit for testing a chemical for nephrotoxicity and/or hepatotoxicity. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method and a kit for measuring amounts of transport, secretion, accumulation, or excretion of many biological components (in particular, biological components with high hydrophobicity), such as absorption or excretion of monoamines, volatile organic cations, and nicotine, secretion, absorption, or excretion of melatonin, steroid hormones, sex hormones, and related formulations thereof, concentrations of plant alkaloids or phenols in a plant body, as well as a method and a kit for screening for a chemical that regulates transport, secretion, accumulation, or excretion thereof. In any case, the present invention is characterized by using a transformant expressing a MATE polypeptide and preferably utilizes a substrate of a MATE polypeptide. Furthermore, since what compound binds to a MATE polypeptide existing in a cell membrane can be investigated by using the screening kit of the present invention, an inhibitor or an activity enhancer for a MATE polypeptide can be screened for.

Since the entity of transporters is unknown, various drugs could not be tested so far. Chemicals that inhibit the transporter of the present invention may cause long-term retention thereof in the body and hence various long-term toxicities. Therefore, effects of chemicals on this transporter need to be tested beforehand when the chemicals are commercially produced.

To excrete a chemical or a toxin out of the body (urine and/or feces), these substances need to pass through many cells via many kinds of transporters. The transporter of the present invention is responsible for the final stage of such excretion.

The present invention established a cultured cell line constantly expressing a novel transporter existing at the apical site (site in contact with primitive urine) of the renal tubules in the kidneys or the micro bile duct in the liver (site at which a bile is excreted) using many unspecified organic cations as substrates. This cell line can be used with an assay system for testing transport (excretion) of various drugs, agricultural chemicals, and the like.

The method and the kit of the present invention has been explained using a transformant expressing a MATE polypeptide, but a method further comprising the step of preparing a transformant expressing a MATE polypeptide and a kit further provided with a tool for preparing a transformant expressing a MATE polypeptide also belong to the technical scope of the present invention.

(b) Utilization of Liposome Composition containing MATE Polypeptide

As explained in detail in the examples, when a MATE1 polypeptide is expressed in the HEK293 cell, H⁺-dependent transport of tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) occurred. Furthermore, H⁺-dependent transport of tetraethylammonium (TEA) was confirmed in a liposome composition containing a MATE1 polypeptide. The substrate specificity of MATE1 was similar to those of H⁺-dependent organic cation transporters existing in the kidneys or the liver. Thus, it was revealed that MATE1 was a multifunctional OC transporter which excretes organic cations (OCs) directly into the urine or the bile, which has been searched over a long period.

As described above, a MATE polypeptide has a transporter activity in a cell membrane, more specifically, a transporter activity (transport activity) for transporting organic cations (OCs) via a cell membrane. The present invention provides a method and a kit for screening for a target substrate of such a transport activity.

The screening method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the step of incubating the above-mentioned liposome composition together with tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP). When the uptake amount of TEA or MPP into the above-mentioned liposome composition is changed in the presence or absence of a candidate substrate in the above-mentioned step, that is, transport of TEA or MPP is inhibited by the existence of the candidate substrate, it can be determined that the candidate substrate is a novel substrate of the MATE polypeptide.

As demonstrated in the examples described later, cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin serve as substrates of MATE polypeptides in addition to tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) in the screening method of the present invention. That is, these compounds are transported by MATE polypeptides.

Thus, in the screening method of the present invention, those skilled in the art who read the present specification easily understand that one or more of the above-mentioned compounds can be used instead of TEA or MPP for criteria to determine whether transport thereof is inhibited or not. When used in the present invention, these compounds may be labeled so that they can be detected. Preferred examples of the label include, but are not limited to, radiolabel and fluorescence label.

The screening kit of the present invention is characterized by being provided with the above-mentioned liposome composition. In a preferred embodiment, it is preferable that the screening kit of the present invention is further provided with tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP). In the above-mentioned step, if the uptake amount of the above-mentioned liposome composition by TEA or MPP is changed in the presence or absence of a candidate substrate, that is, TEA or MPP transport is inhibited by the existence of the candidate substrate, it can be determined that the candidate substrate is a novel substrate of the MATE polypeptide. Furthermore, as described above, one or more of cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin can be used instead of TEA or MPP for criteria to determine whether transport thereof is inhibited or not.

The present invention further provides further uses of a liposome composition containing a MATE polypeptide. In one aspect, the present invention provides a method and a kit for screening for a chemical that regulates excretion of a chemical and/or a waste. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method and a kit for testing a chemical for nephrotoxicity and/or hepatotoxicity. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method and a kit for measuring transport, secretion, accumulation, and excretion of many biological components (in particular, biological components with high hydrophobicity), such as absorption or excretion of monoamines, volatile organic cations, and nicotine, secretion, absorption, or excretion of melatonin, steroid hormones, sex hormones, and related formulations thereof, and concentration of plant alkaloids or phenols in a plant body, as well as a method and a kit for screening for a chemical that regulates transport, secretion, accumulation, and excretion thereof. In any case, the present invention is characterized by using a liposome composition containing a MATE polypeptide and preferably utilizes a substrate of a MATE polypeptide. Furthermore, since what compound binds to a MATE polypeptide existing in a cell membrane can be investigated by using the screening kit of the present invention, an inhibitor or an activity enhancer for a MATE polypeptide can be screened for.

Since the entity of transporters is unknown, various chemicals could not be tested so far. Chemicals that inhibit the transporter of the present invention may cause long-term retention thereof in the body and hence various long-term toxicities. Therefore, effects of chemicals on this transporter need to be tested beforehand when the chemicals are commercially produced.

To excrete chemicals or toxins out of the body (urine and/or feces), these substances need to pass through many cells via many kinds of transporters. The transporter of the present invention is responsible for the final stage of such excretion.

The present invention established a liposome composition containing a novel transporter existing at the apical site (site in contact with primitive urine) of the renal tubules in the kidneys or the micro bile duct in the liver (site at which a bile is excreted) using many unspecified organic cations as substrates. This liposome composition can be used with an assay system for testing transport (excretion) of various drugs, agricultural chemicals, and the like.

The method and the kit of the present invention have been explained using a liposome composition containing a MATE polypeptide, but a method further comprising the step of preparing a liposome composition containing a MATE polypeptide and a kit further provided with a tool for preparing a liposome composition containing a MATE polypeptide also belong to the technical scope of the present invention.

[5] Oligonucleotides and Utilization thereof.

The present invention provides a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 or a fragment of a mutant thereof, or an oligonucleotide consisting of a complementary sequence thereof.

The oligonucleotide of the present invention means a fragment of at least 12 continuous nucleotides, preferably at least 15 nucleotides, more preferably at least 20 nucleotides, yet more preferably at least 30 nucleotides, yet more preferably at least 40 nucleotides in length in the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 or a complementary sequence thereof. In one embodiment, the oligonucleotide of the present invention can be a DNA fragment based on SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21. Since the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21 is provided with reference to the present specification, those skilled in the art can easily prepare a DNA fragment based on SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 21. For example, restriction endonuclease digestion or ultrasonic shearing can be easily utilized to prepare fragments of various sizes. Alternatively, such fragments can be prepared synthetically. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotide of the present invention can be an oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 11 to 18 or a complementary sequence thereof.

The oligonucleotide of the present invention can be used to prepare the polypeptide of the present invention as a primer for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, the oligonucleotide of the present invention can be used for northern blot analysis or as a PCR primer to detect mRNA expression of a target gene in a specific tissue. Specifically, an organism or a tissue expressing a MATE polypeptide can be easily detected by utilizing the oligonucleotide of the present invention as a hybridization probe for detecting a polynucleotide coding for a MATE polypeptide or a primer for amplifying a polynucleotide coding for a MATE polypeptide. Furthermore, since intensity of expression of a polynucleotide coding for a MATE polypeptide can be confirmed by using the polynucleotide or the oligonucleotide of the present invention, a disease or a disorder attributable to abnormal substance transport can be diagnosed.

That is, the present invention further provides a diagnosis method and a diagnosis kit using the above-mentioned oligonucleotide. As described above, the oligonucleotide of the present invention hybridizes specifically with a polynucleotide coding for (MATE polynucleotide) a polypeptide which has the “MATE activity,” that is, a transporter activity in a cell membrane (MATE polypeptide). Therefore, a disease or a disorder attributable to abnormal substance transport can be diagnosed by detecting the existence or absence of a MATE polynucleotide in each tissue of an organism by using the oligonucleotide of the present invention. Specifically, the expression level of a MATE polynucleotide in a biological sample (in particular, specimen sample of a tissue, cells or a body fluid obtained from specimen) can be obtained by reacting mRNA prepared from the biological sample collected from an organism tissue by biopsy or the like with the oligonucleotide of the present invention.

It is sufficient that the kit for diagnosing a disease attributable to abnormal substance transport involving the MATE polypeptide of the present invention is provided with at least the oligonucleotide of the present invention. This kit may be further provided with a reagent for detecting this oligonucleotide, if necessary. Examples of substances transported by MATE polypeptides include, but are not limited to, tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.

In other words, an object of the present invention is to provide the oligonucleotide of the present invention and utilization thereof, but not the oligonucleotide preparation methods and the like specifically described in the present specification. Therefore, it should be noted that oligonucleotides obtained by methods other than the above-mentioned methods also belong to the scope of the present invention.

[6] Antibody and Utilization Thereof

The present invention provides an antibody specifically binding to a MATE polypeptide. In one embodiment, the antibody of the present invention is characterized by binding specifically to the hMATE1 polypeptide or the mMATE1 polypeptide. The antibody of this embodiment is preferably elicited by a peptide antigen consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19 or a peptide antigen consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, but the antibody production method is not limited to these methods.

The term “antibody” used in the present specification means immunoglobulin (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM, or Fab fragment, F(ab′)₂ fragment, or Fc fragment thereof), and examples thereof include, but are not limited to, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, single chain antibodies, anti-idiotype antibodies, and humanized antibodies. The antibody of the present invention can be useful for selection of a biological material expressing a MATE polypeptide and is useful for identification of the expression site.

The term “antibody binding specifically to a MATE polypeptide” used in the present specification means a complete antibody molecule or an antibody fragment (for example, Fab or F(ab′)₂ fragment) that can bind specifically to a MATE polypeptide. Fab, F(ab′)₂, and other fragments of the antibody of the present invention are typically produced by cleavage by protein degradation using an enzyme such as papain (generates Fab fragment) or pepsin (generates F(ab′)₂ fragment). Alternatively, a MATE polypeptide binding fragment can be produced by application of recombinant DNA techniques or synthetic chemistry.

Thus, it is sufficient that the antibody of the present invention has at least an antibody fragment (for example, Fab or F(ab′)₂ fragment) that recognizes the above-mentioned peptide antigen. That is, it should be noted that immunoglobulins comprising an antibody fragment that recognizes the above-mentioned peptide antigen and Fc fragment of another antibody molecule are also encompassed in the scope of the present invention.

The present invention further provides a peptide antigen eliciting an antibody that can detect a mammal MATE polypeptide. That is, the peptide antigen of the present invention is useful in a method and a kit for producing an antibody effective for immunoassay. The term “immunoassay” used in the present specification means an assay performed utilizing an immunological binding reaction based on antigen-antibody reaction. Examples of the assay utilizing an immunological binding reaction include antibody assays such as immunohistochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy, western blot, immunosedimentation assay (immunoprecipitation assay), sandwich ELISA assay, radioactive immunoassay, and immunodiffusion assay, affinity chromatography, and so forth.

The above-mentioned peptide antigen may be chemically synthesized or isolated from a natural supply source as with MATE polypeptides, or obtained utilizing recombinant expression (for example, GST fusion protein).

Those skilled in the art who read the present specification easily understand that antibody production methods and kits comprising the step of eliciting an antibody using the above-mentioned peptide antigen are also encompassed in the scope of the present invention. In a method for producing the antibody of the present invention, a complex of the above-mentioned polypeptide and an adjuvant may be used as an antigen.

The present invention further provides a diagnosis method and a diagnosis kit using the above-mentioned antibody. As described above, the antibody of the present invention has the “MATE activity,” that is, binds specifically to a polypeptide which has a transporter activity (MATE polypeptide) in a cell membrane. A disease or a disorder attributable to abnormal substance transport can be diagnosed by detecting existence or absence of a MATE polypeptide in each tissue of an organism using the antibody of the present invention. Specifically, the expression level of a antigen polypeptide binding to an antibody binding specifically to a MATE polypeptide (i.e., a MATE polypeptide) in a biological sample can be obtained by reacting a biological sample (in particular, specimen sample of a tissue, cells or a body fluid obtained from specimen) collected from an organism tissue by biopsy or the like and this antibody.

It is sufficient that the kit for diagnosing a disease attributable to abnormal substance transport involving the MATE polypeptide of the present invention is provided with at least an antibody binding specifically to a MATE polypeptide. The antibody is preferably an antibody for mouse or human MATE1 or MATE2. This kit may be further provided with a reagent for detecting this antibody, if necessary. Examples of substances transported by MATE polypeptides include, but are not limited to, tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.

In other words, an object of the present invention is to provide an antibody that recognizes the MATE polypeptide of the present invention and utilization thereof, but not individual immunoglobulin types (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, or IgM), the chimera antibody production method, the peptide antigen production method, and so forth specifically described in the present specification. It should be noted that antibodies obtained by methods other than the above-mentioned methods also belong to the scope of the present invention.

[7] Knockout Animal

A knockout animal is a gene deficient-animal obtained by destroying a specific gene. A knockout animal (in particular, mouse) is constructed as an animal having the target destroyed gene homozygously by performing gene destruction in a totipotent embryonic stem cells (ES cells), screening for ES cells in which the target gene is destroyed, preparing a chimeric animal using these cells and a mouse embryo, and mating two or more generations of animals from the chimeric animal having reproductive cells derived from ES cells. Knockout animal is a very effective technique for constructing a novel laboratory animal, in particular, a disease model animal.

The present invention provides a knockout animal in which the MATE gene is destroyed. The knockout animal of the present invention is preferably a mouse. Since the knockout animal preparation method is known in this field, those skilled in the art can easily prepare a MATE gene-knockout animal based on the information of the MATE gene provided by the present specification.

By using the knockout animal of the present invention, a chemical that regulates substance transport across a cell membrane or a substrate of a polypeptide which has a transporter activity in a cell membrane can be screened for. Furthermore, a chemical can be tested for nephrotoxicity and/or hepatotoxicity by using the knockout animal of the present invention. Furthermore, the knockout animal of the present invention can greatly contribute to treatment of a disease attributable to abnormal substance transport across a cell membrane as a model animal of the disease.

The present invention will be explained more specifically with reference to the following examples. However, the scope of the present invention should not be limited to these examples.

EXAMPLES 1: Materials and Methods

[1-1. Cloning of cDNA]

Cloning was performed by RT-PCR using total RNA obtained by extracting the cDNA of human MATE1 (hMATE1: accession number NP-060712) from the human brain. After reverse transcription reaction, the cDNA solution was diluted 10-fold and added to a PCR buffer containing 0.6 mM dNTPs (150 μM each dNTP), 25 pmol of the primer pair, and 1.5 units of Ampli Taq polymerase (Perkin Elmer). PCR amplification was performed as follows: denaturation at 94° C. for 30 seconds, annealing at 56° C. for 30 seconds, and elongation at 72° C. for 1 minute. The amplification product (1804 base pairs) was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The primers were prepared based on Genbank accession number AK001709 (sense primer, 5′-ggccggtacccgcgagtcacatggaagctc-3′; antisense primer, 5′-cacttctagacctgtgaattgtgtgtaagc-3′). The amplified DNA fragment was digested with restriction enzymes (KpnI and XbaI) and inserted into pBluescriptKS(+). The gene sequence of human MATE1 was compared with the human genome sequence, and it was confirmed that there was no error.

Similarly, human MATE2 (hMATE2: accession number NP-690872) was cloned using a primer pair (sense, 5′-agtcgaattccaccatggacagcctccaggacacagtgg-3′; antisense, 5′agctctcgagctagtgcctggtggctaggatcctgac-3′), mouse MATE1 (mMATE1: accession number AAH31436) using a primer pair (sense, 5′-cgccggtaccaccatggaacgcacggagga-3′; antisense, 5′-agacagtttattgctgtcctttggacggat-3′), and mouse MATE2 (mMATE2: accession number XP_(—)354611) using a primer pair (sense, 5′-caccgaattcatggagccggccgaggaca-3′; antisense, 5′-cgtactcgagttagccacggtcattgaaa-3′).

[1-2. Point Mutagenesis]

A point mutation (E273Q) was introduced into human MATE1 according to the method in Non-patent Document 12 using an oligonucleotide primer (5′-ggcccaccactgcatgcacagcatgagc-3′).

[1-3. Northern Blot Analysis]

Human and mouse multitissue northern blots (MTN) were purchased from Clontech. The N terminal region (nt10-601; 592 bp) of human MATE1, the C terminal region (nt1412-1712; 301 bp) of human MATE2, the C terminal region (nt1336-1599; 264 bp) of mouse MATE1, and the C terminal region (nt1087-1648; 562 bp) of mouse MATE2, which were obtained by PCR amplification, were labeled with ³²P-dCTP using a DNA labeling kit (Boehringer Mannheim) and used as probes in northern blot. Hybridization was performed using Express Hyb hybridization buffer (Clontech) at 68° C. for 1 hour, and the product was washed at 50° C.

[1-4. Preparation of Antibody]

A rabbit polyclonal antibody specific to human MATE1 or mouse MATE1 was prepared using a GST fusion protein obtained by fusing the 461st to 546th amino acids of human MATE1 or the P495th to Q532nd amino acids of mouse MATE1 with GST as an antigen.

[1-5. Western Blot]

A human tissue sample was purchased from Cosmo Bio. A membrane fraction was prepared from 1 g of mouse tissue. Each tissue was suspended in a buffer comprising 20 mM MOPS-Tris (pH 7.0), 0.3 M sucrose, 5 mM EDTA, and protease inhibitors (10 μg/ml each pepstatin A, leupeptin, antipain, and chymostatin) and then homogenized. The nuclei were removed, and then the suspension was centrifuged at 100,000×g for 1 hour. The supernatant was removed, and the precipitates were suspended in the above-mentioned buffer. A buffer containing 1% SDS and 10% β-mercaptoethanol was added, then a human membrane fraction (100 μg) and a mouse membrane fraction (200 μg) were used as samples for electrophoresis. Western blot was performed according to a usual method (refer to Non-patent Document 13).

[1-6. Immunohistological Staining]

A human paraffin tissue section was purchased from Biochain. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed according to Non-patent Document 13 using the HRP-DAB method or the indirect fluorescence antibody microscopy method. The primary antibody reaction was performed in 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) using 1000-fold diluted or 1 μg/ml primary antibody at room temperature for 1 hour. The samples were analyzed using Olympus BX60 Microscope or Olympus FV300 Confocal Laser Microscope.

[1-7. Immunoelectron Microscopy]

Gold colloid silver-sensitized electron microscopy was performed according to Non-patent Document 13. Physiological saline was perfused from the heart of a mouse anesthetized with ether, and then 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) in which 4% paraformaldehyde was dissolved was refluxed. The kidney was isolated and washed with PBS. A tissue impregnated with a PBS solution containing 30% sucrose was sectioned (6-mm thickness), placed on a silanated slide glass, and embedded in an OTC compound (Sakura FineTek). The sections were incubated in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 0.25% saponin and 5% BSA for 30 minutes and then blocked using a blocking solution containing 0.005% saponin, 10% BSA, 10% goat serum, and 0.1% cold water fish gelatin (Sigma). Then, the sections were incubated overnight at 4□ together with the rabbit anti-mouse MATE1 antibody 1000-fold diluted with the blocking solution. The sections were adequately washed with a buffer containing 0.005% saponin, then incubated in a blocking solution containing goat anti-rabbit IgG gold colloid (diameter of a gold particle, 1.4 mm) for 2 hours, washed 6 times with the buffer, and then immobilized using 1% glutaraldehyde for 10 minutes. The sections were further washed, then treated with a silver sensitization kit (HQ silver Nanoprobes) at room temperature for 5 minutes, then immobilized for 90 minutes using 0.5% osmium tetraoxide. Ultrathin sections were double-stained with uranium acetate and lead citrate and analyzed using Hitachi H-7100 Electron Microscope.

[1-8. Determination of Transport Activity]

According to Non-patent Document 14, HEK293 cells were cultured in a Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 10% bovine fetus serum, penicillin, and streptomycin at 37° C. under 5% CO₂. The pcDNA3.1/hMATE1 plasmid obtained by subcloning the cDNA coding for human MATE1 or mouse MATE1 in an expression vector pcDNA3.1(+) (Invitrogen) was transfected into the HEK293 cells cultured for 24 hours using TransIT reagent (Mirus) (cell count: 1.5×10⁶ cells/10-cm dish). Cells cultured for 2 days were recovered and suspended in an activity determination buffer (pH 8.0) comprising 125 mM sodium chloride, 4.8 mM potassium chloride, 5.6 mM D-glucose, 1.2 mM calcium chloride, 1.2 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1.2 mM magnesium sulfate, and 25 mM tricine. Cells were incubated at 37° C. for 5 minutes, 50 μM RI-labeled TEA (5 kBq/assay) (PerkinElmer Life Science, Inc.) was added, and measurement of the transport activity was initiated. 200 μl each of the reaction mixtures for activity determination was recovered at a predetermined time point and filtered through a 0.45-μm HA membrane filter (Millipore), and radioactivity remaining on the filter was determined.

[1-9. Determination of Nicotine Transport Activity]

The activity at pH 8.0 was determined using a buffer comprising 125 mM sodium chloride, 4.8 mM potassium chloride, 5.6 mM D-glucose, 1.2 mM calcium chloride, 1.2 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1.2 mM magnesium sulfate, and 25 mM tricine. The activity at pH 7.0 was further determined using a buffer comprising 125 mM sodium chloride, 4.8 mM potassium chloride, 5.6 mM D-glucose, 1.2 mM calcium chloride, 1.2 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1.2 mM magnesium sulfate, and 25 mM MOPS-NaOH.

Radioactive nicotine (100 nCi, 2 μM) was added to the above-mentioned activity determination buffer prepared in the above-mentioned 8, in which human MATE1 expression HEK293 cells (8×10⁵ cells) were suspended at a final volume of 200 μl. Cells were incubated at 37° C. for 5 minutes, and the suspension was centrifuged at 5000 rpm at 37° C. The cells and the supernatant were fractionated, and uptake of nicotine into cells was measured by determining radioactivity contained each of them with a liquid scintillation counter.

[1-10. Purification of Proton Pump Protein]

The F₀F₁ protein, a proton pump, was prepared according to the procedures described in Moriyama Y et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266, 22141-22146 (1991).

Escherichia coli DK8 harboring plasmid pBWU13 expressing a large amount of F₀F₁ was cultured with Tanaka medium (34 mM monopotassium phosphate, 64 mM dipotassium phosphate, 20 mM ammonium sulfate, 0.3 mM magnesium chloride, 1 μM iron sulfate, 1 μM calcium chloride, 1 μM zinc chloride, 100 μg/ml isoleucine, 100 μg/ml valine, 2 μg/ml thiamin) containing 0.5% glycerol, and then bacterial cells were recovered. All the preparations thereafter were performed at 4° C.

About 10 g of bacterial cells (DK8/pBWU13) were suspended in 40 ml of membrane preparation buffer (at 4° C. 50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 2 mM magnesium chloride, 0.5 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF, 1 μg/ml leupeptin, 1 μg/ml pepstatin A, 10% [v/v] glycerol, 1 mM DTT), and cells were disrupted with a French press (1,500 kg/cm²). The disrupted cell suspension was centrifuged at 17,000×g for 10 minutes, and the obtained supernatant was further centrifuged at 210,000×g for 1 hour 20 minutes. The obtained membrane vesicle precipitates were suspended in the F₀F₁ preparation buffer (20 mM MOPS/NaOH [pH 7.0], 1 mM magnesium sulfate, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF, 0.8% octyl glucoside) and centrifuged again. 60 mg of the membrane vesicle prepared as the precipitate was suspended in 3 ml of F₀F₁ preparation buffer containing 2% octyl glucoside to solubilize F₀F₁. The solubilized solution was centrifuged at 260,000×g for 30 minutes, and F₀F₁ was recovered from the supernatant fraction. The recovered F₀F₁ was purified by centrifugation with 10 to 30% (w/v) glycerol density gradient (330,000×g for 5 hours). The glycerol density gradient was prepared with an F₀F₁ preparation buffer containing 1% octyl glucoside. After density gradient centrifugation, the resultant was isolated and divided into 10 fractions from the bottom of the centrifuge tube, and the first four fractions were recovered as F₀F₁ and stored at −80° C.

2: Results

[2-1. Gene Structure and Expression of Human MATE1]

Mammalian analogs of the MATE family, multidrug efflux transporters in bacteria, were searched on a database. As a result, it was found that three genes coding for analogs of the MATE family exist on the human 17th chromosome, and these genes were designated as hMATE1 (accession number NP-060712), hMATE2 (accession number NP-690872), and hMATE3 (FIG. 1). The MATE3 gene was a novel gene.

The putative amino acid sequences of the above-mentioned genes had homologies of 19.8% and 18.6% with NorM, a Na⁺-dependent multidrug efflux transporter of Vibrio bacteria, which is a prototype of the MATE family (refer to Non-patent Document 15) (FIG. 2). In FIG. 2, an asterisk indicates identical amino acids, and the putative transmembrane region was surrounded in a square. E273 is glutamic acid, which is an amino acid important for the transport activity. Human MATE1 is a protein having 12 transmembrane regions according to the hydrophobicity plot (FIG. 3).

As a result of northern blot analysis of human tissues, the human MATE1 gene was found to be expressed as a 4.1-kb transcription product primarily in the kidneys, the liver, and the skeletal muscles. Furthermore, the human MATE2 gene was expressed as a 3.2-kb transcription product in the kidneys, but not expressed in other tissues (FIG. 4( a)).

[2-2. Localization of Human MATE1 in Kidneys and Liver]

The inventors of the present invention considered that human MATE1 is an H⁺-dependent OC transporter at the protein level and investigated expression and localization thereof. As a result of western blot analysis using a specific antibody against the C terminal peptide of human MATE1, a band of 62 kDa, which is equal to the putative molecular weight size, was detected in human kidney membrane fractions (FIG. 4( b)). As a result of immunohistochemistry by horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-DAB staining, the human MATE1 protein was found to be expressed in epidermal cell sites of the proximal renal tubule and the distal renal tubule in the kidneys (FIG. 4( c)) and particularly in hepatocytes at the bile duct site (FIG. 4( d)).

[2-3. Expression and Localization of Mouse MATE1]

MATE family analogs in mice were obtained, and the MATE family in mammals was further analyzed. It was found that two genes coding for the mouse MATE family analogs exist on the 11th mouse chromosome next to each other, and these genes were designated as mMATE1 (accession number AAH31436) and mMATE2 (accession number XP_(—)354611) (FIG. 5). These putative amino acid sequences had homologies of 78.1% and 38.1%, respectively, with human MATE1 (FIG. 6).

As a result of the northern blot analysis of mouse tissues, it was found that the mouse MATE1 gene is expressed primarily in the kidneys, the liver, and the heart as a 3.8-kb transcription product. Furthermore, the mouse MATE2 gene was found to be expressed particularly in the testicle as a 3.3-kb transcription product (FIG. 7( a)).

As a result of western blot analysis using a specific antibody against mouse MATE1, a band of 53 kDa, which was equal to the putative molecular weight size, was detected in the kidneys and the liver in mice (FIG. 7( b)). As a result of immunohistochemistry by horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-DAB staining, reactions of the mouse MATE1 protein were intensely detected in the collecting tubule and the proximal renal tubule of the kidney (FIG. 7( c)), particularly, around the periphery of the Henle's loop (FIG. 7( d)). Furthermore, although at a weak level, reactions of the mouse MATE1 protein were clearly detected in the distal renal tubule and the glomerulus as well (FIG. 7( c)).

As a result of the immunoelectron microscope analysis, it was confirmed that mouse MATE1 was localized in the renal proximal tubular brush border membrane (FIG. 8( a)). In the liver, mouse MATE1 existed in the capillary bile duct and was distributed in the bile duct surface (FIG. 8( b)).

These results revealed that mammal MATE1 was expressed primarily in the kidneys (particularly in the renal proximal tubular brush border membrane) and the liver (capillary bile duct). This finding is consistent with the H⁺/OC exchange transport activity known so far (refer to Non-patent Documents 5 to 7).

[2-4. MATE1 is Involved in OC Exchange Transport without Generating Proton-Dependent Potential Gradient]

To clarify whether MATE1 has the proton-coupled OC exchange transport activity, pH-dependent OC transport via a biomembrane was analyzed in the HEK293 cell expressing human MATE1. According to this method, OC transport in the lumen can be analyzed as a classic cell uptake activity (refer to Non-patent Document 14). Cells expressing human MATE1 exhibited a time-dependent transport activity against TEA, a representative substrate of a proton-coupled OC transporter (FIGS. 9( a) and (b)). In cells expressing wild type MATE1, the transport activity was saturated, and the Km value of TEA was 220 μM (FIG. 9( c)). Furthermore, the transport activity was dependent on pH in cells expressing wild type MATE1. The activity was low at pH 6.0 and increased at higher pH, with the maximum activity at pH 8.0 to 8.5 (FIG. 9( d)). As shown in FIG. 9( e), however, this transport activity did not require sodium ions. That is, even when membrane depolarization was caused by adding 5 μM valinomycin in the presence of 65 mM potassium chloride, the TEA uptake activity was not affected. Furthermore, the TEA uptake activity was inhibited by 60% by ammonium chloride. Furthermore, when pH gradient was eliminated with nigericin (5 μM) in the presence of SF6847 (10 μM), a proton conductor, or potassium chloride, the TEA uptake activity greatly decreased (FIG. 9( e)).

These results showed that human MATE1 performs H⁺/TEA exchange transport without generating a potential gradient.

[2-5. Inhibition of Transport Activity by Various Compounds]

Using HEK293 cells in which hMATE1 or mMATE1 was expressed, uptake of 50 μM R1-labeled tetraethylammonium (TEA) was analyzed at pH 8.0 in the presence or absence of the compounds at concentrations shown in the table (Table 1).

TABLE 1 mMATE1 hMATE1 Compounds (mM) % ± S.D. % ± S.D. Control 100.0 ± 4.7  100.0 ± 1.9  Cimetidine 0.01 29.3 ± 5.2 44.7 ± 7.4 0.1  3.1 ± 5.1  9.7 ± 8.7 Quinidine 0.01 74.7 ± 9.8 35.0 ± 2.1 0.05 50.3 ± 5.4  5.1 ± 8.9 0.1 26.6 ± 7.3  0.0 ± 4.2 Procainamide 0.1 65.7 ± 8.2 62.6 ± 0.8 Verapamil 0.1 23.6 ± 9.5  7.7 ± 7.6 Guanidine 0.5 96.0 ± 8.5 93.4 ± 7.6 Carnitine 5 71.2 ± 6.1 104.2 ± 6.4  TEA 5 0.0 ± 7.  0.7 ± 1.8 MPP 0.1 33.1 ± 9.5 67.4 ± 8.4 5  0.0 ± 2.1  0.0 ± 0.3 Nicotine 0.1 91.9 ± 3.1 63.7 ± 5.0 5 36.7 ± 3.1  5.8 ± 4.3 NMN 1 115.3 ± 8.9  93.5 ± 1.9 Choline 5 62.0 ± 8.8 62.7 ± 4.1 Serotonin 0.1 86.9 ± 5.7 67.5 ± 8.0 Corticosterone 0.1 50.0 ± 2.5 10.0 ± 6.7 Rhodamine123 0.01  0.5 ± 6.2  5.0 ± 6.4 Quercetin 0.1 47.1 ± 0.1 28.2 ± 3.1 Lactate 10 93.9 ± 3.2 103.8 ± 8.8  Succinate 10 95.1 ± 6.3 108.1 ± 4.2  Salicylate 10 92.4 ± 4.3 97.8 ± 4.8 Probenecid 1  93.7 ± 11.9 108.5 ± 7.9  Uric acid 1 109.1 ± 6.4  107.8 ± 2.7  PAH 5 94.7 ± 9.1 110.3 ± 2.7  Testosterone 0.001 67.0 ± 8.7 99.6 ± 4.3 0.01 44.7 ± 3.0  64.5 ± 14.7 0.1 11.5 ± 1.1 38.8 ± 3.2 Melatonin 0.1 51.4 ± 0.8 85.0 ± 4.0 Progesterone 0.1  9.3 ± 1.6 31.7 ± 5.6 Androstenedione 0.1  8.6 ± 1.7 36.6 ± 0.9 Rhodamine 6G 0.01  6.8 ± 2.0 Chloroquine 0.01 56.9 ± 5.1 Chloroquine 0.1 36.9 ± 1.1 Quinine 0.01 30.4 ± 2.8 Pyrimethamine 0.00001 45.2 ± 3.5 0.0001 19.8 ± 1.6 Chlorpromazine 0.1 12.2 ± 3.6 Reserpine 0.001 86.3 ± 3.5 0.01 22.8 ± 0.9 Quinacrine 0.01 41.6 ± 8.2 Berberin 0.001 69.2 ± 2.1 0.01 20.4 ± 2.4 0.1  4.2 ± 0.9 Rutin 0.1 71.8 ± 3.6 Tocopherol 0.1 78.8 ± 9.6 Thiamine 0.1 55.7 ± 7.0 1 31.1 ± 3.9 Cisplatin 1 35.6 ± 6.0 Paraquat 1 57.2 ± 6.8 Propranolol 0.1 30.1 ± 3.9 Droperidol 0.001  74.1 ± 14.7 Imipramine 0.01  74.7 ± 11.9 Atropine 0.1 74.6 ± 5.5 Pilocarpine 0.1 96.1 ± 0.4 Papaverine 0.01 26.8 ± 2.7 Metformin 0.1 120.5 ± 9.4  Amantadine 0.1 75.5 ± 9.8 Digoxin 0.001 102.5 ± 7.3  Ouabain 0.01 115.9 ± 6.6  Bisphenol A 0.01 113.9 ± 2.1  Catechin 0.1 104.0 ± 4.4  Diethylstilbestrol 0.1 94.9 ± 7.8 Thyroxine 0.1 113.0 ± 4.5  Spermidine 0.05  97.0 ± 11.4

Values in the table represent TEA uptake activity percents taking the level with addition of no compound as 100%. NMN denotes N-methylnicotinamide. Data are shown as mean±standard deviation of three to nine experiments. *<0.05, **<0.001.

Whether these compounds can serve as transport substrates can be examined by measuring uptake of radioactive TEA into cells in the presence of the above-mentioned compounds. As shown in Table 1, the TEA uptake activity was inhibited by cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, and quercetin. That is, it was found that these compounds were transported by MATE1. In particular, the TEA uptake activity was strongly inhibited by cimetidine, quinidine, and verapamil and mildly inhibited by nicotine and choline. However, the activity was not inhibited by para-aminobutyric acid or uric acid, organic anions. When MPP known as a substrate of a proton-coupled OC transporter was used, pH-dependence similar to that in use of TEA was observed, and the Km value and Vmax were 16 μM and 170 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Thus, characteristics of MATE1 totally matched the proton-coupled OC transport activity in the kidneys predicted so far.

No nicotine transporter has been known at all, but it was found by the experiment using radioactive nicotine that the MATE1 protein was functioning as a nicotine transporter (FIG. 10). In the figure, data are shown as the mean±standard deviation of three experiments.

Thus, the substrate specificity of MATE1 was clarified in the experiment of competitive inhibition in TEA transport. Furthermore, the results of the experiment of competitive inhibition in TEA transport showed results similar to those of the proton-coupled OC transport activity in the kidneys.

3: Construction of Assay System using Liposome Composition

[3-1. Preparation of Baculovirus for hMATE1 Expression]

The hMATE1 cDNA with four base pairs, CACC, added at the 5′ end thereof was mixed with the TOPO vector, and the mixture was introduced into competent cells (DH5α) by the heat shock method. The plasmid pENTER-hMATE1 in which hMATE1 was incorporated was selected using kanamycin and recovered with QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (QIAGEN). The hMATE1 cDNA in this plasmid was cloned into the expression vector pDEST10 (INVITROGEN) using LR recombinase (INVITROGEN) for recombination. The obtained plasmid was selected on an ampicillin medium and recovered with QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (QIAGEN). DH10Bac (INVITROGEN) transformed using this plasmid was selected on a medium containing kanamycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, IPTG (isopropylthiogalactoside), and X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside). Since the DH10Bac cell has the genomic DNA of baculovirus, cDNA introduced into pDEST10 is automatically cloned onto the virus genome by a transposon. As a result, colonies in which the galactosidase gene on the virus genome is destroyed and purified have a white color. Bacmid (recombinant virus genomic DNA) was recovered from white colonies on this medium by the miniprep method according to the following procedures.

The transformed DH10Bac was suspended in 0.3 ml of solution I (25 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 50 mM glucose, 10 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), and an equal volume of solution II (0.2 N NaOH, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate) was added to this suspension. After allowed to stand for 5 minutes, 0.3 ml of solution III (3 M potassium acetic acid [pH 5.2]) was added to this suspension. This suspension was centrifuged at 18,000×g for 10 minutes, and 0.8 ml of isopropyl was added to the obtained supernatant. This solution was allowed to stand on ice for 5 minutes and further centrifuged for 15 minutes. The obtained precipitates were washed twice with ice-cold 70% ethanol and dried. The dried precipitates were suspended in 40 μl of TE buffer (Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) to obtain a recombinant bacmid solution.

Recombinant baculovirus was prepared according to the following procedures. About 3 μl of the prepared bacmid was introduced into sf9 insect cells (INVITROGEN) using Cellfectin Reagent (INVITROGEN). The sf9 cells into which the bacmid was introduced were cultured in TNM-FH medium (GIBCO) containing 10% bovine fetus serum, 100 μg/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, and 0.25 μg/ml fungizone. These cells were cultured at 27° C. for 4 to 7 days, the culture supernatant was recovered, and recombinant baculovirus was obtained from the culture supernatant. The sf9 cells were infected with the obtained recombinant baculovirus again, and these infected cells were cultured in a 70 to 75-cm² flask for 4 to 7 days, the culture supernatant was recovered, and virus was obtained from the culture supernatant at a high concentration.

[3-2. Purification of hMATE1 Polypeptide]

Hi-Five cells (Invitrogen) were cultured in 21 dishes each containing 1×10⁷ cells and infected with the hMATE1 expressing virus at MOI=1. The infection cells were incubated at 27° C. for 48 hours and recovered. The recovered cells were suspended in 10 ml of 20 mM Tris-Cl (pH 8.0) containing 100 mM sodium acetate, 10% glycerol, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, and 10 μg/ml pepstatin A. This suspension was centrifuged and resuspended in 10 ml of the same buffer. The same procedure was repeated (washed twice). Then, cells suspended in 10 ml of the same buffer were disrupted with an ultrasonic generator (TOMY UD200). Undisrupted cells were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 8 minutes, and the obtained supernatant was further centrifuged at 40,000 rpm for 1 hour (Beckman L-60, 60T1 rotor). The obtained precipitates were suspended in 3 ml of 20 mM MOPS-Tris (pH 7.0) containing 2% octyl glycoside, 10% glycerol, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, and 10 μg/ml pepstatin A, and this suspension was allowed to stand on ice for 30 minutes. Subsequently, the suspension was centrifuged with TL-100 Ultracentrifuge at 70,000 rpm for 30 minutes, and a solubilized MATE1 crude sample was obtained as a supernatant. Ni-NTA resin (QIAGEN) was added to this crude sample and incubated at 4° C. for 4 hours. The resin was washed with 20 ml of 20 mM MOPS-Tris (pH 7.0) containing 1% octyl glycoside, 10% glycerol, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, and 10 μg/ml pepstatin A, and then incubated in 3 ml of 20 mM MOPS-Tris (pH 7.0) containing 1% octyl glycoside, 10% glycerol, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, and 10 μg/ml pepstatin A to obtain 1.3 mg of purified hMATE1 polypeptide (FIG. 11).

A part of a product from each step of the hMATE1 purification stage (S represents 100 μg of solubilized insect cell membrane fraction; W1 and W2 represent 80 μl of supernatant after each wash; E represents 20 μg of purified hMATE protein; L represents 20 μg of hMATE protein reconstituted into a liposome) was subjected to SDS gel electrophoresis, and FIG. 11 shows the results of this CBB-stained gel. FIG. 11 shows that the target hMATE polypeptide was purified as virtually one single protein band.

[3-3. Production of Liposome Composition]

Soybean phospholipid (Sigma type IIS) was suspended in 10 mM MOPS-Tris (pH 7.0) and 0.5 mM DTT (10 mg/ml). This suspension was ultrasonicated with a bath-type sonicator, and a uniform solution was dispensed and stored at −80° C.

A part of the stored solution was thawed, and 1 mg of purified hMATE1 (800 μl) was added to 150 μl of this solution and mixed vigorously. These mixtures were rapidly frozen at −80° C., maintained for 10 minutes, then melted in hands, and then rapidly mixed with 20 ml of ice-cooled 20 mM MOPS-Tris (pH 7.0) containing 0.1 M potassium acetate, 5 mM magnesium acetate, and 0.5 mM DTT. This mixture was centrifuged at 45,000 rpm for 1 hour, and a reconstituted liposome was obtained as a precipitate. This reconstituted liposome was suspended in 500 μl of ice-cooled 20 mM MOPS-Tris (pH 7.0) containing 0.1 M potassium acetate, 5 mM magnesium acetate, and 0.5 mM DTT and subjected to the transport experiment.

[3-4. Determination of Transport Activity of MATE Polypeptide]

40 μl of the above-mentioned reconstituted liposome (liposome containing a MATE polypeptide) (corresponding to about 12 μg of protein) was dispensed, and measurement was initiated by further adding 540 μl of buffer (20 mM Tricine-NaOH [pH 8.0], 0.1 M potassium acetate, 5 mM magnesium acetate) containing 1 mM ¹⁴C-TEA (0.5 μCi)

After a certain time period passed, 150 μl of the reaction mixture was collected, applied to 1 ml of Terumo syringe filled with Sephadex G50, and immediately centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 1 minute. A predetermined volume of a solution eluted from the syringe (containing liposomes) was collected, and radioactivity was measured with a liquid scintillation counter (FIG. 12). The extracellular fluid was trapped in a syringe.

FIG. 12 shows changes in transport over time. The magnitude of pH gradient across the liposome membrane can be changed by changing pH of the extracellular fluid. As shown in FIG. 12, pH-dependent uptake of TEA was observed. When no MATE polypeptide, a transporter, existed, almost no radioactivity was detected (background level).

4: MATE1 Functioning as OC Transporter in Final Stage of Excretion

Based on the above results, it can be said that MATE1 is a proton-coupled OC transporter responsible for the final stage of OC excretion in the kidneys and/or the liver which has been searched for a long time so far (FIG. 13). Based on the above-mentioned results, the whole picture of the mechanism of a transporter that excretes OCs having toxicity from an organism can be clarified.

OCs are taken up by an organic cation transporter (OCT1) in the liver or OCT2 in the renal tubules in the kidneys, and it was found that OCs taken up were excreted from cells by a concerted reaction of MATE1 with a P-glycoprotein. It was also found that MATE1 can use various metabolites as substrates from the competitive inhibition experiment.

Furthermore, no nicotine transporter has been known among animals, plants, and bacteria, and the present invention revealed for the first time that MATE1 is responsible for the function thereof. Furthermore, since no transporter of melatonin or hormones has been known so far either, it can be said that MATE1 is a clinically very important protein. In fact, MATE polypeptides are expressed in a plasma membrane (apical side) of a mouse alveolar epithelial cell or in the cerebrovascular system (FIGS. 14 and 15). Furthermore, it has been confirmed that hMATE1 is expressed in human alveolar epithelial cells (FIG. 16).

The MATE polypeptide was found to have functions other than excretion of wastes in various tissues such as the skin and the pineal body. In the skin, MATE1 is expressed in the perspiratory gland and the sebaceous gland and is involved in percutaneous absorption of chemicals, excretion of substances involved in body odor, and the like (FIG. 17). It was found that MATE1 was also expressed in the pineal body, which controls circadian rhythm, through melatonin secretion (FIG. 18). This indirectly shows that MATE1 uses melatonin as a transport substrate and supports the results shown in Table 1. Therefore, MATE1 is considered to be a melatonin transporter in the pineal body cells. Furthermore, since human MATE1 and mouse MATE1 have a very high homology, it is inferred that MATE1 plays similar roles in humans.

Furthermore, mouse MATE2 was found to be expressed specifically in the testicle Leydig cells, which secrete steroid hormones such as testosterone in the testicle (FIG. 19). This indirectly suggests that MATE2 transports steroid hormones and supports the results shown in Table 1. Therefore, MATE2 is considered to be a steroid hormone transporter. Since human MATE3 and mouse MATE2 have a very high homology, and the expression sites are similar (FIG. 20), MATE2 is considered to play similar roles in humans.

Furthermore, quercetin, a plant flavonoid, is known to be accumulated in vacuoles of plants, but the function thereof is unknown. According to the present invention, it is suggested that MATE1-like transporter functions as a transporter of plant flavonoids in a plant.

Since MATE1 and MATE2 are expressed in organs other than the kidneys and the liver, it is suggested that MATE-type transporters have functions other than that of the OC transporter. That is, it appears that MATE-type transporters functionally control transport of physiological metabolites having various sizes, structures, and hydrophobicity and are responsible for the molecular mechanism for maintaining electrolyte homeostasis in an organism.

It is known that the MATE gene is included in about 80 deficient genes in patients with Smith-Magenis syndrome, which is caused by abnormal 17q11.2 chromosome and presents diverse congenital deformities and mild mental growth retardation (for example, refer to Non-patent Documents 16 and 17). It is considered that patients with Smith-Magenis syndrome lack the H⁺/OC transporter, and further studies based on the present invention can clarify the relationship between symptoms of this syndrome and the MATE family. Furthermore, the mammal MATE molecule of the present invention can bring about a breakthrough in studies of interactions of toxins, chemicals, and metabolites in an organism, gene polymorphism, and gene mutation. Furthermore, it is considered that, in plants, MATE of the plant is involved in resistance to chemicals or resistance to endogenous toxic metabolites. Thus, the MATE family is fundamental OC transporters in nature and plays a wide variety of roles in excretion of OCs and related compounds thereof.

It is noted that specific embodiments or examples explained in the Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention are intended to clarify the technical content of the present invention, and the present invention should not be construed in any limitative way to such specific examples and can be implemented with various changes unless they depart from the spirit of the present invention and the following appended claims.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

A chemical that regulates excretion of a chemical and/or a waste (for example, drugs, agricultural chemicals, and the like) can be screened for by using the present invention. Furthermore, nephrotoxicity and/or hepatotoxicity of a chemical can be tested by using the present invention. Furthermore, the present invention can be utilized as an experimental system for measuring transport, secretion, accumulation, or excretion of many biological components (in particular, highly hydrophobic biological components) such as absorption or excretion of monoamines, volatile organic cations, and nicotine, secretion, absorption, or excretion of melatonin, steroid hormones, sex hormones, and related formulations thereof, and concentration of plant alkanoids (alkaloids) or phenols in the plant body, and so forth.

Since a chemical that regulates excretion of a chemical and/or a waste (for example, drugs, agricultural chemicals, and the like), which has not been found so far, can be screened for by using the present invention, and the present invention can contribute to development of new medical and pharmaceutical fields. Furthermore, since nephrotoxicity and/or hepatotoxicity of an arbitrary chemical can be tested by using the present invention, the present invention can promote researches in medicine/pharmacy and contribute to development of research tools. 

1. A method for screening for a substrate of a transporter polypeptide comprising: incubating a candidate chemical compound with an isolated lipid membrane comprising a transporter polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; determining whether said candidate chemical compound is transported by the transporter polypeptide across said isolated lipid membrane; identifying a candidate chemical compound that is transported by the transporter polypeptide as a substrate of the transporter polypeptide.
 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of providing a pH gradient wherein pH decreases towards the direction to which the substrate is transported, between the two domains subdivided by the isolated lipid membrane.
 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the isolated lipid membrane forms a vesicle in which the inner pH is lower than the outer pH.
 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the pH inside the vesicle is 6.5-7.5, and the pH outside the vesicle is 8.0-8.5.
 5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the isolated lipid membrane further comprises H⁺-ATPase protein.
 6. A kit for screening for a substrate of a transporter polypeptide wherein said kit comprises an isolated lipid membrane comprising a transporter polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a known substrate of the transporter polypeptide.
 7. The kit according to claim 6, wherein the isolated lipid membrane further comprises H⁺-ATPase protein.
 8. The kit according to claim 6, wherein said known substrate is selected from the group consisting of tetraethyl ammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, quinidine, verapamil, nicotine, corticosterone, Rhodamine 123, testosterone, melatonin, progesterone, androsterone, quercetin, Rhodamine 6G, chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, chlorpromazine, berberine, cisplatin, propranolol, papaverine, and thiamin.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said isolated lipid membrane is a cell membrane.
 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the transporter polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No:
 2. 11. The kit of according to claim 6, wherein the transporter polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No:
 2. 